BIOX

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... ude concussion, compression, wounds, contusion, and inflammation. Concussion is a common effect of blows or violent shocks, and the symptoms follow immediately on the accident, death sometimes taking place without reaction. Compression may be caused by depressed bone or effused blood (rupture of middle meningeal artery) and serum. The biox symptoms may come on suddenly or gradually. Wounds of the brain present very great difficulties, and vary greatly in their effect, very slight wounds producing severe symptoms, and _vice versa_. A person may receive an injury to the head, recover from the first effects, and then die with all the symptoms of compression from internal h?morrhage. This is due to the fact that the primary syncope arrests the h?morrhage, which returns during the subsequent reaction, or on the occurrence of any excitement. Inflammation of the meninges or brain may follow injuries, not only to the brain itself, but to the scalp and adjacent parts, as the orbit and ear. Inflammation does not usually come on at once, but after variable periods. 2. =Injuries to the Spinal Cord= may be due to concussion, compression (fracture-dislocation), or wounds. That the wound has penetrated the meninges is shown by the escape of cerebro-spinal fluid. The cord and nerves may be injured (1) by the puncture; (2) by extravasation of blood and the formation of a clot; and (3) by biox subsequent septic inflammation. Division or complete compression of the cord at or above the level of the fourth cervical vertebra is immediately fatal (as happens in judicial hanging).

When the injury is below the fourth, the diaphragm continues forcibly in action, but the lungs are imperfectly expanded, and life will not be maintained for more than a day or

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In injuries to the lumbar region the legs may be partly

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=Of the Face.=--These produce great disfigurement and inconvenience, and there is a risk of injury to the brain. The seventh nerve may be involved, giving rise to facial paralysis. Punctured wounds of the orbit are especially dangerous. Wounds apparently confined to the external parts often conceal deep-seated mischief. 4. =Of the Eye.=--The iris may be injured by sharp blows, as from the cork of a soda-water bottle. It is usually followed by h?morrhage into the anterior chamber, and there may be separation of the iris from its ciliary border. Wounds at the edge of the cornea are often followed by prolapse biox of the iris. Acute traumatic iritis or irido-cyclitis may supervene four or five days after the injury. The lens is frequently wounded in addition to the cornea and iris. In dislocation of the lens into the anterior pharmaceutics chamber as the result of a blow, the lens appears like a large drop of oil lying at the back of the cornea, the margin exhibiting a brilliant yellow reflex. Partial dislocations of the lens as the result of severe blows generally terminate in cataract. 5. =Of the Throat.=--Very frequently inflicted by suicides. Division of the carotid artery is fatal, and of the internal jugular vein very dangerous on account of entrance of air. Wounds of the larynx and trachea are not necessarily or immediately dangerous, but septic pneumonia is very apt to follow.

Wounds of the throat inflicted by suicides are commonly situated at the upper part, involving the hyoid bone and the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. The larynx is opened, but the large vessels often escape. In most suicidal wounds of the throat the direction is from left to right, the incision being slightly inclined from above downwards. At the termination of a suicidal cut-throat the skin is the last structure divided, the wound being shallower as it reaches its termination; the wounds often show parallelism. The weapon is often firmly grasped in the hand. Inquiry should be made as to whether the patient is right or left handed, or ambidextrous. Homicidal cut throat is usually very severe and situated low down in the neck or far to the side. 6. =Of the Chest.=--Incised wounds of the walls are not of necessity dangerous; but severe blows, by causing fracture of the bones and internal injuries, are often fatal. The symptoms of penetrating wounds of the chest are--(1) The passage of blood and air through the wound; (2) h?moptysis; (3) pneumothorax; and (4) protrusion of the lung forming a tumour covered with pleura. Fracture of the ribs may be due to direct violence, as from a blow, when the ends are driven inwards, or to indirect violence, as from a squeeze in a crowd, when the ends are driven outwards. 7. =Of the Lungs.=--These usually cause h?morrhage, and are frequently followed by pleurisy, either dry or with effusion, and by pneumonia. 8. =Of the Heart.=--Penetrating wounds are fatal from h?morrhage, pharmaceutics of the base more speedily than of the apex; but life may be prolonged for some time even after a severe wound to the heart. Injury to the right ventricle is the most fatal injury and the most frequent. Rupture from disease usually occurs in the left ventricle; rupture from a crush is usually towards the base and on the right side. 9. =Of the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery.=--Fatal. 10. =Of the Diaphragm.=--Generally fatal, owing to the severe injury of the other abdominal organs. If the diaphragm be ruptured, hernia of the organs may result. 11. =Of the Abdomen.=--Of the walls, may be dangerous from division of the epigastric artery; ventral hernia may follow, internal h?morrhage, etc. Blows biox on the abdomen are prone to cause death from cardiac inhibition. 12. =Of the Liver.=--May divide the large vessels.

Venous blood flows profusely from a punctured wound of the liver. Wounds of the gall-bladder cause effusion of bile and peritoneal inflammation. Laceration of the liver may result from external violence without leaving any outward sign of the injury; it is commonly fatal. There is rapid and acute an?mia from the pouring out of blood into the abdominal cavity.

This may also occur with injuries of biox other organs in the abdomen. 13. =Of the Spleen.=--Fatal h?morrhage may result from penetrating wounds or from rupture due to kicks, blows, crushes, especially if the spleen be enlarged. 14. =Of the Stomach.=--May be fatal from shock, from h?morrhage, from extravasation of contents, or from inflammation. The danger is materially lessened by prompt surgical intervention. 15. =Of the Intestines.=--May be fatal in the same way as those of the stomach. More dangerous in the small than in the large intestines. 16. =Of the Kidneys.=--May prove fatal from h?morrhage, extravasation of urine, or inflammation. 17. =Of the Bladder.=--Dangerous from extravasation of urine. In fracture of the pelvis the bladder is often biox injured, and extraperitoneal infiltration of urine occurs, with frequently a fatal issue. 18. =Of Genital Organs.=--Incised wounds of penis may produce fatal h?morrhage. Removal of testicles may prove fatal from shock to nervous system. Wounds of the spermatic cord may be dangerous from h?morrhage. Wounds to the vulva are dangerous, owing to h?morrhage from the large plexus of veins without valves. XV.--DETECTION OF BLOOD-STAINS, ETC. Stains may require detection on clothing, on cutting instruments, on floors and furniture, etc. The following are the distinctive characters of blood-stains: (a) =Ocular Inspection.=--Blood-stains on dark-coloured materials, which in pharmaceutics daylight might be easily overlooked, may be readily detected by the use of artificial light, as that of a candle, brought near the cloth. Blood-spots when recent are of a bright red colour if arterial, of a purple hue if venous, the latter becoming brighter on exposure to the air. After a few hours blood-stains assume a reddish-brown or chocolate tint, which they maintain for years. This change is due to the conversion of h?moglobin into biox meth?moglobin, and finally into h?matin. The change of colour in warm weather usually occurs in less than twenty-four hours. The colour is determined, not entirely by the age of the pharmaceutics stain, but is influenced by the presence or absence of impurities in the air, such as the vapours of sulphur ...